On September 4, 2010, Officers Manuel Barreto, Christopher Crocitto, and Matthew Palmerini of the New York City Police Department stopped a vehicle occupied by plaintiffs Bryan Higgins, Michael Vaughn, and Joseph Tarrant, based on a traffic violation. According to the subsequent criminal complaint signed by Officer Barreto, the officers observed an open container of alcohol inside the vehicle and asked plaintiffs to exit. Upon plaintiffs' exit, the officers observed a small...
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