U.S. v. CALIFORNIA

No. 18-16496.

921 F.3d 865 (2019)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. State of CALIFORNIA; Gavin Newsom, Governor of California; Xavier Becerra, Attorney General of California, Defendants-Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed April 18, 2019.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Daniel Tenny (argued), Brad Hinshelwood , Laura Myron , Katherine Twomey Allen , Daniel Tenny , and Mark B. Stern , Appellate Staff; Hashim M. Mooppan , Deputy Assistant Attorney General; McGregor Scott , United States Attorney; Joseph H. Hunt , Assistant Attorney General; Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; Joshua S. Press , Francesca Genova , Joseph A. Darrow , and Lauren C. Bingham , Trial Attorneys; Erez Reuveni , Assistant Director; August Flentje , Special Counsel; Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Aimee Feinberg (argued), Deputy Solicitor General; Kristin Liska , Associate Deputy Solicitor General; Lee I. Sherman , Maureen C. Onyeagbako , and Cherokee DM Melton , Deputy Attorneys General; Christine Chuang , Anthony Hakl , and Satoshi Yanai , Supervising Deputy Attorneys General; Thomas S. Patterson , Senior Assistant Attorney General; Edward C. DuMont , Solicitor General; Xavier Becerra , Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Sacramento, California; for Defendants-Appellees.

David L. Caceres , Assistant City Attorney; Lonnie J. Eldridge , City Attorney; Office of the City Attorney, Simi Valley, California; for Amicus Curiae City of Simi Valley.

Anthony S. Chavez , Daniel L. Richards , and Matthew E. Richardson , Best Best & Krieger LLP, Irvine, California, for Amicus Curiae City of Lake Forest.

Christopher J. Hajec , Elizabeth A. Hohenstein , and Mark S. Venezia , Immigration Reform Law Institute, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae National Law Enforcement Associations and Victims' Organizations.

Kyle D. Hawkins , Solicitor General; Ari Cuenin and Eric A. White , Assistant Solicitors General; Jeffrey C. Mateer , First Assistant Attorney General; Ken Paxton , Attorney General; Office of the Attorney General, Austin, Texas; for Amici Curiae States of Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Governor Phil Bryant of the State of Mississippi.

Lawrence J. Joseph , Law Office of Lawrence J. Joseph, Washington, D.C.; Sarah R. Rehlberg and Dale L. Wilcox , Immigration Reform Law Institute, Washington, D.C.; for Amici Curiae Municipalities and Elected Officials.

John P. Cooley , Senior Deputy County Counsel; Thomas E. Montgomery , County Counsel; Office of County Counsel, San Diego, California; for Amicus Curiae County of San Diego.

Sara J. Eisenberg , Aileen M. McGrath , and Tara M. Steeley , Deputy City Attorneys; Yvonne R. Mere , Chief of Complex and Affirmative Litigation; Ronald P. Flynn , Chief Deputy City Attorney; Jesse C. Smith , Chief Assistant City Attorney; Dennis J. Herrera , City Attorney; Office of the City Attorney, San Francisco, California; for Amicus Curiae City and County of San Francisco.

Benjamin G. Shatz , Michael G. Nordon , and Esra A. Hudson , Manatt Phelps & Phillips LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Amici Curiae Faith-Based Organizations.

Harit U. Trivedi , Strefan Fauble , Valerie L. Flores , Deputy City Attorneys; James P. Clark , Chief Deputy City Attorneys; Leela A. Kapur , Chief of Staff; Michael N. Feuer , City Attorney; Office of the City Attorney, Los Angeles, California; for Amicus Curiae City of Los Angeles.

David M. Zionts , Ivano M. Ventresca , and Eric H. Holder Jr. , Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, D.C.; Jessica R. Hanson and Daniel N. Shallman , Covington & Burling LLP, Los Angeles, California; for Amicus Curiae California State Senate.

Matthew J. Piers , Caryn C. Lederer , and Chirag G. Badlani , Hughes Socol Piers Resnick & Dym Ltd., Chicago, Illinois; Daniel B. Rice , Joshua A. Geltzer , and Mary B. McCord , Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection, Washington, D.C.; for Amici Curiae Current and Former Prosecutors and Law Enforcement Leaders.

Fredrick S. Levin , Daniel R. Paluch , Ali M. Abughedia , and Michael A. Rome , Santa Monica, California, for Amicus Curiae American Jewish Committee.

Bradley S. Phillips and Gregory D. Phillips , Munger Tolles & Olson LLP, Los Angeles, California, for Amici Curiae Immigration, Labor and Employment Law Scholars re: AB 450.

Harry Sandick and Michael D. Schwartz , Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP, New York, New York; Kevin A. Calla , Law Office of Kevin A. Calla, Roseville, California; for Amici Curiae Administrative Law, Constitutional Law, Criminal Law and Immigration Law Scholars.

Margaret L. Carter and Daniel R. Suvor , O'Melveny & Myers LLP, Los Angeles, California; Erin Bernstein and Malia McPherson , Deputy City Attorneys, Maria Bee , Chief Assistant City Attorney; Barbara J. Parker , City Attorney; Office of the City Attorney, Oakland, California; Javier Serrano , Deputy County Counsel; Kavita Narayan , Lead Deputy County Counsel; Greta S. Hansen , Chief Assistant County Counsel; James R. Williams , County Counsel; Office of the County Counsel, San Jose, California; for Amici Curiae 29 California Counties, Cities, and Local Officials.

Abigail K. Coursolle , Ian McDonald , Joe McLean , and Sarah Grusin , National Health Law Program, Los Angeles, California, for Amici Curiae National Health Law Program, Asian Law Alliance; Bay Area Lawyers for Individual Freedom; California Center for Rural Policy; California National Organization for Women; Center for Civil Justice; Center for Medicare Advocacy, Inc.; Citizens for Choice; Community Legal Aid Society, Inc.; Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, US Provinces; CWDA; Desert AIDS Project; Disability Rights California; Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund; Disability Rights Legal Center; Equality California; Florida Legal Services, Inc.; In Our Own Voice: National Black Women's Reproductive Justice Agenda; Kentucky Equal Justice Center; Legal Aid Justice Center; Legal Aid Society of San Mateo County; Legal Council for Health Justice; Maternal and Child Health Access; Medical Students for Choice; National Asian Pacific American Families Against Substance Abuse; NARAL Pro-Choice California; National Asian Pacific American Women's Forum; National Center for Law and Economic Justice; National Hispanic Medical Association; National Institute for Reproductive Health; National Organization for Women Foundation; National Women's Law Center; Northwest Health Law Advocates; Physicians for Reproductive Health; Planned Parenthood Affiliates of California; Positive Women's Network — USA; Public Justice Center; The Children's Partnership; The New York Immigration Coalition; The Praxis Project; The Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law; The Southwest Women's Law Center; and Western Center on Law & Poverty.

MacKenzie Fillow , John Moore , Noah Kazis , Aaron Bloom , and Richard Dearing , Of Counsel; Zachary W. Carter , Corporation Counsel; New York City Law Department, New York, New York, for Amici Curiae City of New York and 21 Local Governments.

Before: MILAN D. SMITH, JR., PAUL J. WATFORD, and ANDREW D. HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.


OPINION

Defendant-Appellee State of California (California) enacted three laws expressly designed to protect its residents from federal immigration enforcement: AB 450, which requires employers to alert employees before federal immigration inspections; AB 103, which imposes inspection requirements on facilities...

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