IN RE NATIONAL SEC. AGENCY TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Nos. 09-16676, 09-16677, 09-16679, 09-16682, 09-16683, 09-16684, 09-16685, 09-16686, 09-16687, 09-16688, 09-16690, 09-16691, 09-16692, 09-16693, 09-16694, 09-16696, 09-16697, 09-16698, 09-16700, 09-16701, 09-16702, 09-16704, 09-16706, 09-16707, 09-16708, 09-16709, 09-16710, 09-16712, 09-16713, 09-16717, 09-16719, 09-16720, 09-16723.

671 F.3d 881 (2011)

In re NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY TELECOMMUNICATIONS RECORDS LITIGATION, Tash Hepting; Gregory Hicks; Erik Knutzen; Carolyn Jewel, on behalf of themselves and all other similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corporation; AT & T, Inc., Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Sean Basinski, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Richard D. Suchanek, III, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Sprint Nextel Corporation, Defendant-Appellee, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Charles F. Bissitt; Sandra Bissitt; George Hayek, III; June Matrumalo; Gerard Thibeault; Arthur Bouchard; Maryann Bouchard; Aldo Caparco; Janice Caparco; Jenna Caparco; Rose Deluca; Nicole Mirabella; Patricia Pothier; Paul Pothier; Marshall Votta; Vincent Matrumalo; Paula Matrumalo; Jennifer Thomas; Christine Douquette; Maryann Klaczynski; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees. Christopher Bready; Anne Bready; Kyu Chun Kim; Jenet Artis; Claudis Artis; David Beverly, Jr.; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Maryland, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Tom Campbell; George Main; Dennis P. Riordan; Margaret Russell; Robert Scheer; Peter Sussman; Richard Belzer; Marc Cooper; Stephen J. Mather; Sandra Richards; Curren Warf; American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, a nonprofit corporation; ACLU of Southern California, a nonprofit corporation; American Civil Liberties Union of San Diego/Imperial Counties, a nonprofit corporation; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Communications of California, a corporation; AT & T Corp., a corporation, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Dennis P. Riordan; Edward Gerard De Bonis; Robert S. Gerstein; Rod Gorney; Robert Jacobson; Vincent J. Maniscalco; Carol Sobel; American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, a nonprofit corporation; ACLU of Southern California, a nonprofit corporation; American Civil Liberties Union of San Diego/Imperial Counties, a nonprofit corporation; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Communications, Inc., a corporation; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Glen Chulsky; Alejandro Trombley; Samuel Fisher; Omar Moreno; Paul Robilotti; Stephen Ternlund; Anatoly Sapoznick; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Cellco Partnership, dba Verizon Wireless; Verizon, Verizon Communications, Inc.; AT & T, Inc.; Cingular Wireless, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Charmaine Crockett; A. Joris Watland; Anakalia Kaluna; Kim Coco Iwamoto; William R. Massey, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Wireless, (VAW) LLC; Hawaiian Telecom, Inc., dba Verizon Hawaii; Nextel West Corp., dba Sprint; Cingular Wireless LLC; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Travis Cross; John Elder; Gabriel Fileppelli; Sam Goldstein; Healing Arts Center; David Kadlec; The Libertarian Party of Indiana; Tim Peterson; Carolyn W. Rader; Sam Goldstein Insurance Agency, Inc.; Sean Sheppard; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Communications, Inc.; AT & T Corp.; AT & T Teleholdings, Inc., FKA SBC; Bright House Networks, LLC; Cingular Wireless, LLC; Comcast Telecommunications, Inc.; Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Inc., dba SBC Ameritech Indiana; MCI Communications Services, Inc.; Nextel West Corp., dba Sprint Nextel; Sprint Communications Company, L.P.; Spring Spectrum L.P.; TDS Communications Solutions, Inc.; Verizon Wireless Services, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Joan Dubois; Christopher Yowtz; Rebecca Yowtz; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp.; Charter Communications LLC; Communications Services, Inc.; Transworld Network Corp.; Verizon Wireless, LLC; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Travis Cross; John Elder; Gabriel Fileppelli; Sam Goldstein; Healing Arts Center; David Kadlec; The Libertarian Party of Indiana; Tim Peterson; Carolyn W. Rader; Sam Goldstein Insurance Agency, Inc.; Sean Sheppard, individually an on behalf of others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Communications of California, Inc.; AT & T Corp.; AT & T Teleholdings, Inc.; Bright House Networks, LLC; Cingular Wireless, LLC; Comcast Telecommunications, Inc.; Indiana Bell Telephone Company Incorporated, other SBC Ameritech Indiana; MCI Worldcom Advanced Networks, LLC; McLeodUSA Telecommunications Services, Inc.; Nextel West Corp., dba Sprint Nextel Corporation; Sprint Communications Company L.P.; Spring Spectrum L.P.; TDS Communications Solutions, Inc.; Verizon Wireless Services, LLC; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Pat Mahoney, individually, and on behalf of all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Communications, Inc.; AT & T Corp., Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Pamela A. Mahoney, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Mark P. Solomon, MD, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Rhea Fuller, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Communications, Inc.; Verizon Wireless, LLC; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Shelly D. Souder; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Inc.; AT & T Corp., Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Steve Dolberg, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T, Inc.; AT & T Corp., Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Theresa Fortnash; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp., Defendant-Appellee, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. D. Clive Hardy; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corporation, Defendant-Appellee, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. James C. Harrington; Richard A. Grigg; Louis Black; The Austin Chronicle; Michael Kentor, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T, Inc.; AT & T Corp.; AT & T Operations Inc.; New Cingular Wireless Services, Inc., Defendants-Appellees. Tina Herron; Brandy Sergi, individually and as representative of all similarly situated individuals; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Global Networks, Inc.; AT & T Corp.; American Telephone and Telegraph Company; BellSouth Communication Systems, LLC; BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Darryl Hines; Alex Klabacka; Jana Klabacja; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Northwest, Inc., an active Washington corporation; Verizon Communications, Inc., an active Delaware corporation; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Howard Jacobs, a natural person; Laurence Kornblum, a natural person; Kathleen Miller, a natural person, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp., a foreign corporation; American Telephone and Telegraph Company, a foreign corporation; BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., a foreign corporation; Cingular Wireless LLC, a foreign limited liability company; Verizon Communications, Inc., a foreign limited liability company; Verizon Florida, Inc., a Florida corporation; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Claudia Mink; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Communications of the Southwest, Inc., a Delaware corporation; Southwestern Bell Telephone, L.P., a Texas limited partnership; SBC Long Distance, LLC, a Delaware corporation, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Richard Roche; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp., Defendant-Appellee, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Benson B. Roe; Paul Goltz, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp., a New York corporation; AT & T Inc., a Delaware corporation; SBC Long Distance, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, dba AT & T Long Distance; Pacific Bell Telephone Company, a California corporation, DBA AT & T California; AT & T Communications of California, Inc., a California corporation, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Elaine Spielfogel-Landis, on behalf of herself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. MCI, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Studs Terkel, (now deceased); Barbara Flynn Currie; Diane C. Geraghty; Gary S. Gerson; James D. Montgomery; Quentin Young, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois, Inc.; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp.; Illinois Bell Telephone Co., dba AT & T Illinois; United States of America, Defendants-Appellees. Herbert Waxman, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp., Defendant-Appellee, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. Steven Lebow, Rabbi; Steven Bruning; Cathy Bruning; Jonnie Starkey; Brian Bradley; Barry Kaltman; Meredith Kaltman; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Bell South Corporation; Cingular Wireless LLC; Sprint Nextel Corporation; National Security Agency, Defendants-Appellees. Ray Anderson; Collin Baber; Mark Barker; John Barrett; Anthony Bartelemy; William Betz; Fran Blamer; Trudy Bond; Kristen Brink; Shane Brink; Michael Brooks; Paul Bruney; Peter Catizone; Steve Christianson; John Clark; Kingsley Clark; Thomas M. Cleaver; Gerard P. Clerkin; Peter B. Collins; Kris Costa; Mark Costa; Julie Davis; Sharon L. Davis; Toni Didona; Theresa R. Duffy; Thomas S. Dwyer; Thomas Michael Fain; Shawn Fitzgibbons; John Fitzpatrick; Jennifer Florio; Margaret Franklin; Dawn Furler; C. Garifo; Diane Gavlinski; Joseph Gehring; Jane Gentile-Youd; Mark Gentile-Youd; G. Lawrence Gettier; Linda Gettier; Linda J. Gettier; Jit Gill; Mike Gilmore; Jayson Gleason; Marc Goldstone; Todd Graff; Janet Granja; Susan Grossman; Stephanie Gustave; Pam Haddon; Vern Haddon; Don Hawkins; Donna Hawkings; Jose V. Heinert; Lamar Henderson; Carolyn R. Hensley; Douglas S. Hensley; Donald Herron; Jennifer Hontz; Joyce Jackson; Andrew Jaffe; Randel James; Michael Johnson; Diane Juliano; Fay Kaiser; Rajendram Krishnan; Barbara Langer; Michael Lavo; Fred Leak; Ken Leha; Ben Lindsey; Lisa Lockwood; Ms. Lodge; Nancy K. Lorey; Michael T. Lyda; Eleanor M. Lynn; Esq.; Terry Mancour; Charlene Mann; Rev.; Jon Paul McClellan; Alicia McCollum; James McGrattan; Rev. Joe McMurray; Stephanie Meket; Clyde Michael Morgan; Theodore R. Morris; Sheri A. Mueller; Prof. Robert Newby; Fran Nobile; Serge Popper; Ilene Pruett; Dr. Michael Reusch; Merrilyn Rome; Michele Rosen; Michele S. Rothmel; Kevin Shawler; Greg L. Smith; Harris Sondak; James Vanalstine; Chris Von Obenauer; Deadria Farmer-Paellmann; Dan Patton; Ray Pena; Constance Phillips; Mark Plante; Jeremy Puhlman; Martin Razo; Daniel Reimann; Mark Richards; Linda Rithkis; William Robinette; Fred Rogers; Darlene Rogers; Kathleen Rogers; William J. Romansky; Bronson Rosier; Josh Seefried; Anna F. Shallenberger; Royce Shepard; Robert Siden; Gregory L. Smith; Christian Stalberg; Michael L. Stephan; Robert Stewart; Donna A. Stone; Regina Sunberg; William R. Sweeney; Jr.; David Taylor; April Tipe; Allen T. Trader III; Barry W. Tribble; Fred Trinkoff; Thomas Vilar; Vickie Votaw; Leon Dwight Wallace; Achieng Warambo; Ulrich Geister; David White; Jane Winston; Kevin Wright; Joel Ainger; Carol Cose; Deborah Dougherty; James Flynn; Irene King; Paul Kraft; Gina De Miranda; Catalina R. Thompson; Mary Leah Weiss; Elizabeth Arnone; Eleanor Lynn; Jay H. Rowell; Daniel Reimann; Vivian Phillips; Jeffrey G. Marsocci; Bridget Irving; James Hall; John McIntyre; Beth White; Brad Marston; and Paul Sunberg, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Verizon Communications, Inc.; National Security Agency; George W. Bush; BellSouth Corporation; AT & T Corporation; AT & T Inc.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee. James Joll; Ramon Goggins; Ian Walker; James Nurkiewicz, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated; All Plaintiffs, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. AT & T Corp.; AT & T Inc.; Verizon Communications, Inc.; BellSouth Corp.; Verizon, Defendants-Appellees, United States of America, Defendant-intervenor-Appellee.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Filed December 29, 2011.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Cindy Cohn , Lee Tien , Kurt Opsahl , Kevin S. Bankston , James S. Tyre , Electronic Frontier Foundation, San Francisco, CA; Richard R. Wiebe , Law Office of Richard R. Wiebe, San Francisco, CA; Julia Harumi Mass , American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, Inc., San Francisco, CA; David Blair-Loy , ACLU Foundation of San Diego/Imperial Counties, San Diego, CA; Barry R. Himmelstein , Elizabeth J. Cabraser , Eric B. Fastiff , Allison S. Elgart , Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP, San Francisco, CA; Aram Antaramian , Law Office of Aram Antaramian, Berkeley, CA; Thomas E. Moore, III , The Moore Law Group, Palo Alto, CA; Gary E. Mason and Nicholas A. Migliaccio , Mason LLP, Washington, DC; Michael A. St. Pierre , Revens Revens & St. Pierre, Warwick, RI; Peter J. Eliasberg , ACLU Foundation of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Jodi Westbrook Flowers , Motley Rice LLC, Mt. Pleasant, SC; Vincent I. Parrett , Motley Rice LLC, Mt. Pleasant, SC; Roger L. Mandel , Lackey Hershman LLP, Marc R. Stanley , Stanley Mandel & Iola LLP, Dallas, TX; Michael D. Donovan , Donovan, Searles, LLC, Philadelphia, PA; M. Stephen Turner , Broad & Cassel, Tallahassee, FL; Gerald E. Meunier , New Orleans, LA; Val Patrick Exnicios , Liska Exnicios & Nungesser, New Orleans, LA; R. James George, Jr. , D. Douglas Brothers , George & Brothers LLP, Austin, TX, Christopher A. Slater , Michael J. Ross , Slater Ross , Portland, OR; Joseph R. Dulle , Sam J. Alton , Stone, Leyton & Gershman, P.C., St. Louis, MO; Brian H. Adler , Bader Stillman & Adler PL, Margate, FL; Richard P. Roche , Pro Se, Minneapolis, MN; Sam J. Alton , Stone Leyton Gersham PC, St. Louis, MO; Harvey Grossman , Adam Schwartz , Karen Sheley , Roger Baldwin Foundation of ACLU, Inc., Chicago, IL; Clinton A. Krislov , Krislov & Associates, Ltd., Chicago, IL; Steven E. Schwarz , The Law Offices of Steven E. Schwarz, Chicago, IL, James M. Evangelista , Page Perry LLC, Atlanta, GA; Carl J. Mayer , Mayer Law Group LLC, Princeton, NJ, Bruce I. Afran , Princeton, NJ, for the plaintiffs-appellants.

Michael Kellogg , Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel, P.L.L.C., Washington, DC; Gregory G. Rapawy , Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel, P.L.L.C., Washington, DC; Bradford Allan Berenson , Sidley Austin LLP, Washington, DC; Eric Shumsky , Sidley Austin LLP, Washington, DC; Eric Dean McArthur , Sidley Austin LLP, Washington, DC; Bruce A. Ericson , Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, San Francisco, CA; Kevin Murray Fong , Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, San Francisco, CA, for defendant-appellee AT&T Corporation.

Michael K. Kellogg , Gregory G. Rapawy , Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel, P.L.L.C., Washington, DC; Randolph D. Moss , Samir C. Jain , Brian M. Boynton and Catherine M.A. Carroll , Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, Washington, DC, for defendant-appellee Verizon Communications Inc.

Brendan V. Sullivan, Jr. , John G. Kester , Gilbert O. Greenman , George W. Hicks, Jr. , Williams & Connolly LLP, Washington, DC, for defendant-appellee Sprint Nextel Corporation.

Thomas Mark Bondy , DOJ-U.S. Department of Justice, WA, District Of Columbia, for the defendant-intervenor-appellee.

Howard Merrill Wasserman , FIU College of Law, Miami, FL, for the Amicus Curiae Law Professors in support of appellees.

Before: HARRY PREGERSON, MICHAEL DALY HAWKINS, and M. MARGARET McKEOWN, Circuit Judges.


OPINION

McKEOWN, Circuit Judge:

These consolidated appeals arise from claims that major telecommunications carriers assisted the government with intelligence gathering following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. News reports that the National Security Agency ("NSA") undertook a warrantless eavesdropping program with alleged cooperation by telecommunications companies spawned dozens of lawsuits by customers against the companies, along with multiple...

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