CASTELLANOS v. STATE

No. S279622.

HECTOR CASTELLANOS, et al., Plaintiffs and Respondents, v. STATE OF CALIFORNIA et al., Defendants and Appellants; PROTECT APP-BASED DRIVERS AND SERVICES et al., Interveners and Appellants.

Supreme Court of California.

July 25, 2024.


Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Michael J. Mongan, State Solicitor General, Thomas S. Patterson, Assistant Attorney General, Samuel T. Harbourt, Deputy State Solicitor General, Mark R. Beckington, Jose A. Zelidon-Zepeda and Lara Haddad, Deputy Attorneys General, and Cara M. Newlon, Associate Deputy State Solicitor General, for Defendants and Appellants.

DLA Piper, Stanley J. Panikowski and Justin R. Sarno for former Attorney General Daniel E. Lungren as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.

DLA Piper and Stanley J. Panikowski for former California Assemblyman William R. Berryhill as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.

Eimer Stahl and Robert E. Dunn for Crum & Forster Holding Co. as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.

California Constitution Center, University of California, Berkeley, David A. Carrillo; Benbrook Law Group and Stephen M. Duvernay for California Constitution Scholars as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.

Holland & Knight, Stacey Wang, Amit Agarwal and Keiana Wilkerson for former State Senators Robert Timothy Leslie and James Stephen Peace as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants.

O'Melveny & Myers, Jeffery L. Fisher; Nielsen Merksamer Parrinello Gross & Leoni, Arthur G. Scotland, Sean P. Welch, Kurt R. Oneto and David J. Lazarus for Interveners and Appellants.

Eimer Stahl, Robert E. Dunn and Collin J. Vierra for Citizens in Charge as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Allen Matkins Leck Gamble Mallory & Natsis, Marshall C. Wallace, Alexander J. Doherty and Kimberly F. Macey for Citizens in Charge and The Initiative and Referendum Institute at the University of Southern California as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Davis Wright Tremaine, Rochelle L. Wilcox and Alexa A. Graumlich for California Chamber of Commerce as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Davis Wright Tremaine, Adam S. Sieff, Annie Zhang and David M. Gossett for Chamber of Progress, NetChoice, Asian Industry B2B, the Silicon Valley Leadership Group and sf.citi as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Holtzman Vogel Baran Torchinsky Josefiak, Alex Vogel, Edward M. Wenger and Andrew Pardue for California Policy Center as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Willenken, Kenneth M. Trujillo-Jamison and Michelle K. Millard for California Asian Pacific Chamber of Commerce, NAACP California Hawaii State Conference, California Hispanic Chambers of Commerce, Los Angeles Metropolitan Churches, National Action Network Los Angeles, National Action Network Sacramento Chapter Inc., National Asian American Coalition and National Diversity Coalition as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Jenner & Block, Laurie J. Edelstein and Adam G. Unikowsky for Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Baker Botts and Michael W. Ward for Arnold Schwarzenegger as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

King & Spalding, Albert Giang, Jeffery Hammer, Anne M. Voigts and Ramon A. Miyar for Marketplace Industry Association, Inc., as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Buchalter, Steven G. Churchwell, Berit Elam and Brandon Q. Tran for Daniel Schnur, T. Anthony Quinn and Robert M. Stern as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Weintraub Tobin Chediak Coleman Grodin and Brendan J. Begley for Independent Drivers Alliance of California, Kelly Rickert, Ali Mazhin and Stephanie Whitfield as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr, Kelly P. Dunbar, Samuel M. Strongin, Joshua H. Lerner and Michael A. Mugmon for the California Chamber of Commerce as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Keiter Appellate Law and Mitchell Keiter for Amicus Populi as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Mayer Brown and Archis A. Parasharami for David R. Henderson, Keith Chen, Jeffrey R. Hummel, Ethan Ligon, Michael Marlow, Lee E. Ohanian, Damian Park, Valerie Ramey, Abbylin H. Sellers, William F. Shughart II, Brian P. Simpson and Robert S. Taylor as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Appellants and Interveners and Appellants.

Jonathan M. Coupal, Timothy A. Bittle, Laura E. Dougherty and Amy C. Sparrow for Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Interveners and Appellants.

Olson Remcho, Robin B. Johansen, Richard R. Rios, Deborah B. Caplan, Benjamin N. Gevercer; Altshuler Berzon, Stephen P. Berzon, Scott A. Kronland, Stacey M. Leyton, Juhyung Harold Lee, Robin Tholin; Service Employees International Union, Nicole G. Berner, Steven K. Ury and Claire Presetel for Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Richard L. Hasen; Public Counsel, Mark D. Rosenbaum and Kathryn Eidmann for California Election Law Professors as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Hina B. Shah; Benjamin Beach; Nayantara Mehta and Brian Chen for Gig Workers Rising, Mobile Workers Alliance, Rideshare Drivers United—California, We Drive Progress, A Better Balance, ACCE Institute, Action Center on Race & the Economy, Asian Americans Advancing Justice—Los Angeles, Bet Tzedek, California Employment Lawyers Association, California Immigrant Policy Center, Centro Legal de la Raza, Chinese Progressive Association, Economic Policy Institute, Jobs With Justice Education Fund and Jobs With Justice San Francisco, Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area, Legal Aid at Work, Los Angeles Black Worker Center, Maintenance Cooperation Trust Fund, National Black Worker Center, National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, National Domestic Workers Alliance, National Employment Law Project, Pilipino Workers Center, PowerSwitch Action, Public Rights Project, Santa Clara County Wage Theft Coalition, Women's Employment Rights Clinic of Golden Gate University School of Law and Worksafe as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Weinberg, Roger & Rosenfeld, David A. Rosenfeld; Daniel Ocampo, Sally Dworak-Fisher, Laura Padin and Catherine Ruckelshaus for the National Employment Law Project, California Labor Federation, Rideshare Drivers United, Gig Workers Rising, Asian Americans Advancing Justice — Asian Law Caucus, Asian Americans Advancing Justice Southern California, PowerSwitch Action, Worksafe, Action Center on Race & the Economy, the Economic Policy Institute, Bet Tzedek and the California Immigrant Policy Center as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Bush Gottlieb, Julie Gutman Dickinson, Hector De Haro and Luke Taylor for International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 396, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 542, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 848, and the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO, as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

David Chiu, City Attorney (San Francisco), Yvonne R. Meré, Chief Deputy City Attorney, Sara J. Eisenberg, Matthew D. Goldberg, Ian Eliasoph and Molly J. Alarcon, Deputy City Attorneys, Barbara J. Parker, City Attorney (Oakland), Maria Bee, Chief Assistant City Attorney, Zoe Savitsky and Divya Musinipally, Deputy City Attorneys, Katherine Read, Fellowship Attorney, Michael N. Feuer, City Attorney (Los Angeles), Kathleen Kenealy, Chief Assistant City Attorney, Michael J. Bostrom, Assistant City Attorney, Mara W. Elliott, City Attorney (San Diego), Mark Ankcorn, Chief Deputy City Attorney, Eric Laguardia, Kevin King and Julie Rau, Deputy City Attorneys, Tony Lopresti, County Counsel (Santa Clara), Kavita Narayan, Meredith A. Johnson and Raphael N. Rajendra, Deputy County Counsel, for the City and County of San Francisco, the Cities of Oakland and San Diego, and the County of Santa Clara, as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Eric M. Overholt and Andrew W. Lockard for California Applicants' Attorneys Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Veena Dubal for Catherine L. Fisk, Sameer Ashar, Veena Dubal, Charlotte Garden, Joseph Grodin, William B. Gould IV, Stephen Lee, Sanjukta Paul, Leticia Saucedo, Reuel Schiller, Katherine Stone and Noah D. Zatz as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Cara L. Jenkins, Stephen Dehrer and Benjamin Herzberger for State Senator Dave Cortese and State Assembly Member Liz Ortega as Amici Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Respondents.

Justice Liu authored the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Guerrero and Justices Corrigan, Kruger, Groban, Jenkins, and Evans concurred.


This case concerns Business and Professions Code section 7451, which was enacted by the voters through Proposition 22 (Gen. Elec. (Nov. 3, 2020)), the Protect App-Based Drivers and Services Act (Proposition 22) (Bus. & Prof. Code, §§ 7448-7467; all undesignated statutory references are to this code)...

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