Justice Breyer, delivered the opinion of the Court.
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania convicted codefendants William Fiore and David Scarpone of violating a provision of Pennsylvania law forbidding any person to "operate a hazardous waste" facility without a "permit." Pa. Stat. Ann., Tit. 35, § 6018.401(a) (Purdon 1993) (reprinted at Appendix A, infra ). Each codefendant appealed to a different intermediate state court, one of which affirmed Fiore's conviction...
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