MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER
HURD, United States Magistrate Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs, all police officers for the City of Johnstown, New York, sued the defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1988 for violations of their rights under the First Amendment, Equal Protection Clause, and Substantive Due Process Clause of the United States and New York State Constitutions, as well as intentional infliction...
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