MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
HOLDERMAN, District Judge:
Two motions are now pending before this court — defendant James E. O'Grady's motion for summary judgment, and defendant Samuel W. Nolan's motion for summary judgment. For the reasons stated below both motions must be granted.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS
The parties do not dispute the following facts. Plaintiffs Alfred Fiorenzo, David Ohlson and Patrick Shannon are white police officers...
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