OPINION AND ORDER
PEREZ-GIMENEZ, Chief Judge.
This is a civil rights action under § 1983 alleging excessive use of force during an encounter between law enforcement officers and co-plaintiff Reymundo Pedrero Olivo. Jurisdiction is premised on the determination of plaintiffs' federal constitutional rights underlying the claim, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343, and the doctrine of pendent jurisdiction. Venue is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1391....
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