Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied September 11, 1990.
MANION, Circuit Judge.
The Taft-Hartley Act (the Act), as amended in 1984, makes it a crime (with exceptions not relevant to this case) for an employer to pay union membership dues to a labor organization "willfully and with the intent to benefit himself or other persons...." 29 U.S.C. § 186(d)(1) (Supp. IV 1986). Before the 1984 amendment, the Act required only that the payment be made "willfully...
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