OPINION
LECHNER, District Judge.
Introduction
On April 12, 1988, Defendant Yu Kikumura ("Kikumura") was detained by New Jersey State Trooper Robert Cieplensky ("Cieplensky") for careless driving. As a result of the ensuing exchange between Cieplensky and Kikumura, Cieplensky saw seven cylinders of gunpowder and shot on the backseat of Kikumura's car. Suspecting Kikumura may be armed, Cieplensky proceeded to pat down Kikumura. Cieplensky...
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