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GRADEL v. INOUYE

491 Pa. 534 (1980)

421 A.2d 674

Margaret P. GRADEL, parent and natural guardian of Edwin J. Gradel, Jr., a minor and Edwin J. Gradel, Sr., and Margaret P. Gradel, in their own right, Appellants, v. William Y. INOUYE, M.D., Appellee.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Decided October 31, 1980.

Attorney(s) appearing for the Case

James E. Beasley, Jeffrey M. Stopford, Philadelphia, for appellants.

John J. Dautrich, Philadelphia, for appellee.

Before EAGEN, C.J., and O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, NIX, LARSEN, FLAHERTY and KAUFFMAN, JJ.

OPINION

KAUFFMAN, Justice.

This is an appeal from an order of the Superior Court reversing judgment for appellants1 in a medical malpractice action and remanding for a new trial. The principal issues presented are: (1) the degree of certainty required to establish proximate cause when negligent performance of an undertaking to render medical services is alleged to be a substantial factor in producing physical harm, and (2) in...

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