MEMORANDUM ORDER
SPENCER WILLIAMS, District Judge.
The defendants in these actions are Federated Department Stores, Inc., d/b/a I. Magnin & Co., and Saks & Company, d/b/a Saks Fifth Avenue. They are engaged in the business of selling merchandise, including women's clothing, to the general public at retail prices through retail stores located in Northern California and elsewhere. The plaintiffs in all of these cases are individual members of the general...
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