OPINION OF THE COURT
STAPLETON, Circuit Judge.
This appeal presents the certified question of whether the requirements of the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. ("FDCPA"), apply to the defendants' efforts to collect municipal water obligations of the plaintiff, Bridget Piper. We hold that they do.
I.
Until 2002, the City of Bethlehem ("City") contractually retained the private law firm of Portnoff...
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